Depression: A global public health concern. Depression in developing countries: Lessons from Zimbabwe. British Medical Journal. Mental disorders: equity and social determinants. In: Blas E, Kurup A, editors. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes.
Geneva: World Health Organization; a. Mental and neurological public health: A global perspective. Academic Press; b. The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development.
The Lancet. Radloff LS. Appl Psychol Meas. Our World in Data. Eight Decades of Measurement in Depression. Measuring depression and anxiety in sub-saharan africa. Depress Anxiety. World Health Organization. The ICD classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization; How to Measure Depression in Low-resource Settings. Julia Ruiz Pozuelo.
Definition and Classification. Depressive disorders include two main sub-categories WHO, : Major depressive disorder or major depression involves the experience of depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure almost all day, every day, for at least two weeks. Table 1. Measurement Methods. Table 2. Best Practices. Ethical considerations Several ethical issues may arise when measuring depression in a research study, particularly when a severe case for depression is detected.
The following steps are recommended to minimise ethical issues: a Develop a risk management protocol in advance. Cross-cultural comparability and psychometric properties There is a large body of evidence suggesting that the language used to describe symptoms varies across different contexts, and as a result, these tools might not measure the same construct across settings Patel et al.
The following steps are recommended to ensure that the tools are culturally and clinically valid: Use a pre-existing and validated screening tool — ideally validated in the same setting where the study is being conducted see Sweetland et al.
Conduct heavy piloting of both the content and the administration. The NLM now lists all authors. I am requesting permission to include a copy of your instrument in the appendix of the Methods section of my research project paper. Depression is a common and treatable mental health condition. You do not have to cope with this alone.
No one should suffer needlessly in silence. Reach out immediately. Help is always right. You will have better results if you seek depression treatment at the first signs. But, many times, people overlook it, which can lead to further harm. Skip to main content. Issue: BCMJ, vol. Michalak, PhD Raymond W. Introduction How many times have physicians wished they could measure a serum sadness level, and show the report to their skeptical patients, thus convincing them that they have a medically treatable disorder?
Have you been bothered by little interest or pleasure in doing things? Have you been feeling down, depressed, or hopeless in the last month? Measuring outcomes The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale HAM-D , the oldest, most widely used and validated instrument, has numerous versions, both clinician-rated and self-reported, as well as a computer-administered version. Evaluation questions 1. Symptom questions 3. Loss of energy: Have you been feeling tired or having little energy?
Also can be observed 9. Are you basically satisfied with your life? Yes No 2. Have you dropped many of your activities and interests? Yes No 3. Do you feel that your life is empty? Yes No 4. Do you often get bored? Yes No 5. Are you in good spirits most of the time? Yes No 6. Are you afraid that something bad is going to happen to you?
Yes No 7. Do you feel happy most of the time? Yes No 8. Do you often feel helpless? Yes No 9. Do you prefer to stay at home, rather than going out and doing new things? Yes No Do you feel you have more problems with memory than most? Do you think it is wonderful to be alive now? Do you feel pretty worthless the way you are now? Do you feel full of energy? Do you feel that your situation is hopeless? Do you think that most people are better off than you?
Not at all 0 Several days 1 More than half the days 2 Nearly every day 3 a. Little interest or pleasure in doing things. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless. Feeling tired or having little energy. Poor appetite or overeating. Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching TV. Thoughts that you would be better off dead or of hurting yourself in some way. Free screening tools listed in this article www. References 1.
Page numbers are not abbreviated. Good evening Dr. Great article. This will help me assess the level of depression among my clients. More Stories. Choose the best answer for how you have felt over the past week:. Imagine if we did this for cancer. How do you feel? Imagine if you were diagnosing and treating diabetes without tests, without sensors. We have new ways to look at mental health through understanding the brain, and that means going to the source.
And by doing that, we have an objective anchor for understanding what is going on. And we know that through our collaboration we can bring this information together, from brain to sensors. Clinical depression happens when stress becomes chronic and uncontrollable, and it will cause short circuits, effectively, in the brain, that are hard to rectify. So we need to identify them and we need then distal sensors, like, measures all that stress that are objective-based in cortisol that can peacock when the risk is occurring.
These are examples. For example, rumination is one circuit in the brain that is essentially your brain in idle. This is innovation within bringing into development of sensors. We do that by assaying the brain directory through functional MRI and we have advanced ways that we do that here at Stanford. And then imagine, which is where we are heading, that you could take this brain information and have a real-time, real world way to now understand that stress response.
Zhenan Bao: Here, the aims of the project is to develop measurements that can be done routinely, can be done on a daily basis so that we can access parameters that are related to the brain type that Leanne and her colleagues are studying.
We would like to understand what the correlations are between these measurable parameters and the different biotypes. We then want to build a wearable that can allow us to measure these parameters continuously.
And finally, we would like to, within this project, validate the wearable that we build. Here you see the group of participants, the faculty participants in this project ranging from engineering to psychiatry. Again, these are the brain types. That hormone is strongly related to stress level. The hypothesis shows that potentially there is different pattern between these parameters and the biotype.
Of course, we want to turn this into wearables. And on top of that, this molecule is very, very small and we need some kind of biological receptor that can recognize this molecule in order to detect it very specifically.
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